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Provenance of this page
Ontology Specification Draft

[Ontology Name]: Overview back to ToC

This ontology has the following classes and properties.

Classes

Object Properties

Data Properties

Named Individuals

Cross-reference for [Ontology Name] classes, object properties and data properties back to ToC

This section provides details for each class and property defined by [Ontology Name].

Classes

ABBc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#ABB

Architecture Building Block — an abstract, reusable component that captures a required capability.
Example
ex:APIGatewayABB a refa:ABB ;
    skos:prefLabel "API Gateway"@en ;
    skos:definition "Capability: unified API entry point with routing, auth, and rate limiting."@en ;
    refa:implementsPattern ex:APIGatewayPattern .
has super-classes
element c

Allocation Patternc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#AllocationPattern

A pattern for allocating software elements to hardware or organizational structures.
has super-classes
Architectural Pattern c

Architectural Patternc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#ArchitecturalPattern

An architectural pattern addressing structural concerns at the system level.
has super-classes
Pattern c
has sub-classes
Allocation Pattern c, Integration Pattern c, Module Pattern c

Deployment Patternc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#DeploymentPattern

A pattern for deploying software to infrastructure environments.
has super-classes
Pattern c

Impact of Tacticc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#ImpactOfTactic

Describes the specific impact of a Tactic on an architecture Model. Can be used to create compatibility analyses for specific patterns and tactics.
is in domain of
adds new element op, adds new element following pattern op, adds new element out of pattern op, affects element op, impact measure dp, impact of tactic op, implemented already in element op, modifies element op, replicates element op
is in range of
has impact of tactic op

Integration Patternc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#IntegrationPattern

A pattern for component-and-connector integration, addressing how runtime elements communicate.
has super-classes
Architectural Pattern c

Module Patternc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#ModulePattern

A pattern for module decomposition and organization of code-time structures.
has super-classes
Architectural Pattern c

Patternc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#Pattern

An architectural pattern is a general, reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem in software architecture within a given context. A pattern addresses quality attributes via elements and participants, is composed of Context, Problem, and Solution descriptions, represents a package of design decisions, has known properties and is reusable, describes a class of architectures, is discovered in practice rather than invented, is constructed from tactics, and can be categorized by the dominant type of elements (module, integration, or deployment patterns).
Example
Well-known patterns:
   * Layered Architecture — horizontal separation of concerns
   * Microservices — independently deployable services
   * Event-Driven — asynchronous event processing
   * Pipe and Filter — sequential data transformation
   * Broker — decoupled component communication
   * Model-View-Controller — UI separation
   * Circuit Breaker — fault tolerance for remote calls
has super-classes
model c
has sub-classes
Architectural Pattern c, Deployment Pattern c
is in domain of
applicable tactic op, applied tactic op, based on pattern op, contains pattern op, part of pattern op, pattern concepts overview dp, pattern constraints overview dp, pattern context dp, pattern forces overview dp, pattern problem overview dp, pattern solution overview dp, realizes tactic op, related pattern op
is in range of
applied in pattern op, based on pattern op, contains pattern op, implements pattern op, part of pattern op, realized tactic op, related pattern op

Reference Architecturec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#ReferenceArchitecture

A reference architecture models the abstract architectural elements in the domain of interest independent of the technologies, protocols, and products that are used to implement a specific solution for the domain. It differs from a reference model in that a reference model describes the important concepts and relationships in the domain focusing on what distinguishes the elements of the domain; a reference architecture elaborates further on the model to show a complete picture that includes showing what is involved in realizing the modeled entities while staying independent of any particular solution but instead applies to a class of solutions. It is possible to define reference architectures at many levels of detail or abstraction and for many different purposes. A reference architecture is not a concrete architecture; depending on the requirements being addressed, it generally will not completely specify all the technologies, components, and their relationships in sufficient detail to enable direct implementation.
Example
Well-known reference architectures:
   * OASIS SOA Reference Architecture
   * BIAN Service Landscape (Banking)
   * TM Forum Frameworx (Telecom)
   * AWS Well-Architected Framework
   * Azure Architecture Center
ex:MicroservicesRefArch a refa:ReferenceArchitecture ;
    skos:prefLabel "Microservices Reference Architecture"@en ;
    refa:applicableTactic ex:CircuitBreakerTactic, ex:RetryTactic,
                          ex:BulkheadTactic, ex:ServiceDiscoveryTactic .
has super-classes
model c
is in range of
uses reference architecture op

Reference Modelc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#ReferenceModel

A reference model is an abstract framework for understanding significant relationships among the entities of some environment. It enables the development of specific reference or concrete architectures using consistent standards or specifications supporting that environment. A reference model consists of a minimal set of unifying concepts, axioms and relationships within a particular problem domain, and is independent of specific standards, technologies, implementations, or other concrete details.
has super-classes
metamodel c
is in domain of
domain of interest op

SBBc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#SBB

Solution Building Block — a concrete, implementable component that realizes an Architecture Building Block.
Example
ex:KongGateway a refa:SBB ;
    skos:prefLabel "Kong API Gateway"@en ;
    refa:implementsPattern ex:APIGatewayPattern .

ex:IstioMesh a refa:SBB ;
    skos:prefLabel "Istio Service Mesh"@en ;
    refa:implementsTactic ex:CircuitBreakerTactic, ex:LoadBalancingTactic .
has super-classes
element c

Standardc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#Standard

A standard within the Standards Library, categorized according to building blocks. Each metamodel entity can potentially have standards associated with it (e.g., Business Service, Technology Component).
has super-classes
element c

Tacticc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#Tactic

A primitive design technique that architects employ to achieve a particular quality attribute response. Tactics are simpler and more abstract than patterns, use a single structure or computational mechanism, are meant to address a single quality attribute, give more precise control compared to patterns, and can be found within patterns or reference architectures.
Example
ex:CircuitBreaker a refa:Tactic ;
       skos:prefLabel "Circuit Breaker"@en ;
       refa:addressedQA qa:Availability ;
       refa:impactedQA qa:Performance .
has super-classes
element c
is in domain of
addressed quality attribute op, applied in pattern op, applied with tactic op, broader tactic op, impacted quality attribute op, implemented tactic op, realized tactic op, related tactic op
is in range of
applicable tactic op, applied tactic op, applied with tactic op, broader tactic op, impact of tactic op, implements tactic op, realizes tactic op, related tactic op

Object Properties

addressed quality attributeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#addressedQA

Links a Tactic to the main QualityAttribute(s) it is designed to address. Normally this is a single or a couple of quality attributes. To model all impacted quality attributes use impactedQA.
has domain
Tactic c
has range
quality attribute c

adds new elementop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#addsNewElement

Indicates that applying the Tactic requires adding a new Element to the architecture.
has super-properties
affects element op
has sub-properties
adds new element following pattern op, adds new element out of pattern op
has domain
Impact of Tactic c
has range
element c

adds new element following patternop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#addsNewElementFollowingPattern

Indicates that applying the Tactic adds a new Element that follows an existing pattern structure.
has super-properties
adds new element op
has domain
Impact of Tactic c
has range
element c

adds new element out of patternop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#addsNewElementOutOfPattern

Indicates that applying the Tactic adds a new Element that falls outside the existing pattern structure.
has super-properties
adds new element op
has domain
Impact of Tactic c
has range
element c

affects elementop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#affectsElement

Links an ImpactOfTactic to an Element that is affected when the tactic is applied. This is usually in the context of pattern participants, however it is not necessary to have an explicitly modelled Pattern.
has sub-properties
adds new element op, implemented already in element op, modifies element op, replicates element op
has domain
Impact of Tactic c
has range
element c

applicable tacticop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#applicableTactic

Links a Pattern to a Tactic that can be applied within it. Not all tactics are available for all patterns. For qualifying and quantifying the actual impact of a Tactic onto a Pattern use the hasImpactOfTactic property.
has domain
Pattern c
has range
Tactic c

applied in patternop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#appliedInPattern

Links a Tactic to a Pattern in which it is already applied and packaged.
has domain
Tactic c
has range
Pattern c
is inverse of
applied tactic op

applied tacticop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#appliedTactic

Links a Pattern to a Tactic that is already applied and packaged into the pattern.
has domain
Pattern c
has range
Tactic c
is inverse of
applied in pattern op

applied with tacticop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#appliedWithTactic

Links a Tactic to another Tactic that is usually applied together with it.
has super-properties
related tactic op
has domain
Tactic c
has range
Tactic c

based on patternop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#basedOnPattern

Links a Pattern to a more general Pattern from which it is derived or on which it is based.
has super-properties
broader op, related pattern op
has domain
Pattern c
has range
Pattern c

broader tacticop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#broaderTactic

Links a Tactic to a more general Tactic.
has super-properties
broader op, related tactic op
has domain
Tactic c
has range
Tactic c

conforms to metamodelop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/core#conformsToMetamodel

Links a Model to the Metamodel that it conforms to, establishing a conformance relationship between the instance level and the type level.
has domain
model c
has range
metamodel c

contains patternop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#containsPattern

Links a composite Pattern to a sub-pattern that it contains.
has super-properties
related pattern op
has domain
Pattern c
has range
Pattern c
is inverse of
part of pattern op

domain of interestop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#domainOfInterest

Links a ReferenceModel to its domain of interest. Domains can be classified using a concept scheme and referenced in a MetaModel.
has domain
Reference Model c
has range
concept c

has impact of tacticop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#hasImpactOfTactic

Links an architecture Model to an ImpactOfTactic instance describing how a specific Tactic affects it. This includes reference architectures and patterns.
has domain
model c
has range
Impact of Tactic c

impact of tacticop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#impactOfTactic

Links an ImpactOfTactic instance to the Tactic whose impact it describes.
has domain
Impact of Tactic c
has range
Tactic c

impacted quality attributeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#impactedQA

Links a Tactic to QualityAttribute(s) that it impacts either positively or negatively as a side effect. To model the main quality attribute that the tactic addresses use addressedQA.
has domain
Tactic c
has range
quality attribute c

implemented already in elementop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#implementedAlreadyInElement

Indicates that the Tactic is already implemented or very easy to implement in the Element. Only minor modifications or configurations are required.
has super-properties
affects element op
has domain
Impact of Tactic c
has range
element c

implemented tacticop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#implementedTactic

Links a Tactic to an Element in which it is implemented.
has domain
Tactic c
has range
element c
is inverse of
implements tactic op

implements patternop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#implementsPattern

Links an Element to a Pattern that it realizes or partially implements. This property can also relate an ad:Option, SBB, or ABB to a particular pattern.
has domain
element c
has range
Pattern c

implements tacticop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#implementsTactic

Links an Element to a Tactic that it implements or realizes.
has domain
element c
has range
Tactic c
is inverse of
implemented tactic op

modifies elementop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#modifiesElement

Indicates that applying the Tactic requires modifying an existing Element in the architecture.
has super-properties
affects element op
has domain
Impact of Tactic c
has range
element c

part of patternop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#partOfPattern

Links a sub-pattern to the composite Pattern that contains it.
has super-properties
related pattern op
has domain
Pattern c
has range
Pattern c
is inverse of
contains pattern op

realized tacticop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#realizedTactic

Links a Tactic to the Pattern that realizes it.
has domain
Tactic c
has range
Pattern c
is inverse of
realizes tactic op

realizes tacticop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#realizesTactic

Links a Pattern to a Tactic that the pattern's main purpose is to realize. This distinguishes more concrete design patterns (e.g., circuit breaker) that realize a tactic from more generic patterns (e.g., service mesh) that merely apply it.
has domain
Pattern c
has range
Tactic c
is inverse of
realized tactic op

related patternop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#relatedPattern

Links a Pattern to another Pattern that is related in some general way.
has sub-properties
based on pattern op, contains pattern op, part of pattern op
has domain
Pattern c
has range
Pattern c

related tacticop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#relatedTactic

Links a Tactic to another Tactic that is related in some general way.
has sub-properties
applied with tactic op, broader tactic op
has domain
Tactic c
has range
Tactic c

replicates elementop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#replicatesElement

Indicates that applying the Tactic requires replicating the Element to achieve redundancy or distribution.
has super-properties
affects element op
has domain
Impact of Tactic c
has range
element c

uses reference architectureop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#usesRefArchitecture

Links an Element to a ReferenceArchitecture that it uses partially or completely.
has domain
element c
has range
Reference Architecture c

Data Properties

impact measuredp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#impactMeasure

Quantifies the degree of impact that a Tactic has on a Model via an ImpactOfTactic instance.
has domain
Impact of Tactic c

pattern concepts overviewdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#patternConceptsOverview

An overview of the concept elements, relationships, and views that the pattern uses. The actual concepts should be described in the pattern itself or another metamodel referenced in the Pattern.
has domain
Pattern c
has range
string

pattern constraints overviewdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#patternConstraintsOverview

An overview of the constraints that a pattern has. The exact constraints should be described in the pattern itself or another metamodel referenced in the Pattern.
has domain
Pattern c
has range
string

pattern contextdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#patternContext

An overview of the context in which the pattern applies. The actual elements describing the context and motivation and their relationship with other elements should be in the pattern itself, as the Pattern is an Architecture Model.
has domain
Pattern c
has range
string

pattern forces overviewdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#patternForcesOverview

An overview of the forces that influence and are addressed by the pattern. The actual forces and their relationship with other elements should be in the pattern itself.
has domain
Pattern c
has range
string

pattern problem overviewdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#patternProblemOverview

An overview of the problem the pattern solves. The actual elements describing the context, motivation, and requirements and their relationship with other elements should be in the pattern itself.
has domain
Pattern c
has range
string

pattern solution overviewdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://meta.linked.archi/ref-arch#patternSolutionOverview

An overview of the solution that the pattern provides. The actual solution is the pattern itself, as the Pattern is an Architecture Model.
has domain
Pattern c
has range
string

Named Individuals

j.jss.2010.04.067ni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: doi:10.1016/j.jss.2010.04.067

is same as
j.jss.2010.04.067

j.jss.2010.04.067ni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2010.04.067

is same as
j.jss.2010.04.067, j.jss.2010.04.067

j.jss.2020.110714ni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: doi:10.1016/j.jss.2020.110714

is same as
j.jss.2020.110714

j.jss.2020.110714ni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2020.110714

is same as
j.jss.2020.110714, j.jss.2020.110714

Legend back to ToC

c: Classes
op: Object Properties
dp: Data Properties
ni: Named Individuals

Acknowledgments back to ToC

The authors would like to thank Silvio Peroni for developing LODE, a Live OWL Documentation Environment, which is used for representing the Cross Referencing Section of this document and Daniel Garijo for developing Widoco, the program used to create the template used in this documentation.